أضرار الحشرات على المنتجات التجارية

[saeeddd]

أضرار الحشرات على المنتجات التجارية

تلعب الحشرات العديد من الأدوار المهمة في الطبيعة. إنها تساعد البكتيريا والفطريات والكائنات الحية الأخرى في تحلل المواد العضوية وتكوين التربة. على سبيل المثال ، تتسبب البكتيريا في تسوس الجيف بشكل أساسي ، حيث يتم تسريع عملية تحلل الجيف بواسطة يرقات الذباب واللحوم. يتبع نشاط هذه اليرقات ، التي توزع البكتيريا وتستهلكها ، أنشطة العث والخنافس التي تعمل على تكسير الشعر والريش. تطورت الحشرات والزهور معًا. تعتمد العديد من النباتات على الحشرات في التلقيح. بعض الحشرات مفترسة للآخرين.

الأهمية التجارية
توفر بعض الحشرات مصادر للمنتجات المهمة تجاريًا مثل العسل أو الحرير أو الشمع أو الأصباغ أو الأصباغ ، وكلها يمكن أن تكون ذات فائدة مباشرة للإنسان. نظرًا لأنها تتغذى على أنواع عديدة من المواد العضوية ، يمكن أن تسبب الحشرات أضرارًا زراعية كبيرة. الآفات الحشرية تلتهم محاصيل الغذاء أو الأخشاب ، سواء في الحقل أو في التخزين ، وتنقل الكائنات الدقيقة المعدية إلى المحاصيل وحيوانات المزرعة والبشر. وتشكل تكنولوجيا مكافحة مثل هذه الآفات العلوم التطبيقية في علم الحشرات الزراعي والغابات ، وعلم حشرات المنتجات المخزنة ، وعلم الحشرات الطبي والبيطري ، وعلم الحشرات الحضري.

الحشرات كمصدر للمواد الخام
بالنسبة للشعوب البدائية التي تجمع الطعام ، كانت الحشرات مصدرًا مهمًا للغذاء. لا تزال طاعون الجندب وأسراب النمل الأبيض ويرقات سوسة النخيل الكبيرة وغيرها من الحشرات مصادر للبروتين في بعض البلدان. الإفرازات الجافة المتقشرة لكوكيدات (Homoptera) على أشجار التامارسك أو الصنوبر هي مصدر المن في صحراء سيناء. كانت الكوكيدات ذات يوم مصدر صبغة القرمزي. القرمزي ، أو القرمزي ، من حشرات Dactylopius الموجودة على الصبار المكسيكي ، كان يستخدم لصبغ القماش من قبل الأزتك ويستخدم اليوم كصبغة في الأطعمة ومستحضرات التجميل والأدوية والمنسوجات. يتم استخدام العديد من شموع الحشرات تجاريًا ، وخاصة شمع العسل وشمع اللاك. المنتج الراتنجي من حشرة اللاك Kerria lacca (Homoptera) ، الذي يتم تربيته لهذا الغرض ، هو مصدر اللك التجاري.

شرنقة دودة القز
شرنقة دودة القز
اثنان من أهم الحشرات المستأنسة هما دودة القز (Lepidoptera) ونحل العسل (Hymenoptera). يتم إنتاج بعض الحرير الخشن من شرانق أنواع دودة القز البرية الكبيرة. ومع ذلك ، تأتي معظم أنواع الحرير التجاري من دودة القز Bombyx mori. هذه الحشرة غير معروفة في الحالة البرية وتوجد فقط في الثقافة. تم تدجينه في الصين منذ آلاف السنين ، وأنتج التكاثر الانتقائي ، ولا سيما في الصين واليابان ، العديد من السلالات المتخصصة. نحل العسل قريب من النحل البري الموجود. في العصور الوسطى ، كان العسل أهم مُحلي في أوروبا ، ولا يزال كل من شمع العسل والعسل من السلع التجارية. ومع ذلك ، تكمن الأهمية الرئيسية لنحل العسل في تلقيح أشجار الفاكهة والمحاصيل الأخرى.

أضرار الحشرات على المنتجات التجارية
عندما تغزو الحشرات التي تكسر الأشجار الميتة الأخشاب الهيكلية في المباني ، فإنها تصبح آفات. هذا صحيح بالنسبة للحشرات مثل خنافس ديرميستيد والعديد من العث الصفيري الذي تأخر بيئيًا في الذبائح وقادر على تكسير الكيراتين في الشعر والريش. عندما تغزو هذه الحشرات الجلود والفراء والملابس الصوفية أو السجاد ، يمكن أن تصبح مشكلة للبشر.

في العديد من المناخات الحارة والجافة ، كما هو الحال في شمال إفريقيا أو سهول الهند ، تغزو بعض الخنافس والعث الحبوب الناضجة في الحقول. عندما يتم حصاد الحبوب ، تزدهر هذه الحشرات في مخازن الحبوب. يمكن حملها في جميع أنحاء العالم في التجارة وأصبحت آفات عالمية للحبوب المخزنة والفواكه المجففة والتبغ وغيرها من المنتجات.


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الموضوع الأصلي: أضرار الحشرات على المنتجات التجارية || الكاتب: saeeddd || المصدر: السياحة فى ماليزيا

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